Bibliography of the History of the Kaaba and the Two-Kaaba Hypothesis

As the holiest Islamic site, the Kaaba has a status beyond a historical or ritual monument; and is considered a symbol of the "monotheism, unity, and religious identity" of Muslims in the context of Islamic history. This divine place, which is attributed to Prophet Abraham (PBUH), is introduced in the Quran as a center of guidance for all humans and plays a central role in the structure of the Hajj rituals and the direction of the Muslim qibla. The importance of the Kaaba is evident not only in worship but also in the construction of the collective and political identity of the Islamic nation. However, in the last few decades, some Western researchers, with historical and critical perspectives, have put forward hypotheses about the initial origins of Islam and its geography, as well as the idea of ​​the existence of two Kaabas in the south (present-day Mecca) and the north of the Hijaz (the Petra and Al-Bida regions). In the meantime, books such as "Hajarism" and "Early Islamic Qiblas" have raised new questions in this regard. It seems that the hypothesis of plurality in the Abrahamic Kaaba or the ambiguity in its geography, as well as the explanation of the early origins of Islam, is at the beginning of its journey; and there is a need for scholars and researchers to examine and evaluate the various dimensions of these views. For this purpose, it is necessary to provide a